The FemTech Foundation—and Fault Lines

In 2015, fewer than 300 ventures focused on women’s health existed. That number has tripled to 942, according to the Galen Growth HealthTech Alpha™ platform. These ventures now span the female health continuum—gynecology, menopause, oncology, cardiovascular disease, mental health and beyond.

Yet the investment tide has not fully turned in FemTech’s favor. While partnerships have risen 15.3-fold during the past decade, capital deployment has grown only 1.4 times. Compare that to the 2.6x expansion of digital health investments. In 2024, FemTech secured $2.2 billion in funding, a sliver of the $26 billion digital-health pie.

This disparity isn’t due to a lack of innovation—quite the opposite. The problem is systemic: funding gaps, policy voids, and clinical blind spots that overlook the $360 billion “ghost market” of women’s health. That phrase— “ghost market”—is the report’s haunting term for the opportunities left untouched by current investors and providers alike.

From Fertility to Full Spectrum

One of the report’s most critical takeaways is how much the FemTech category is maturing. Fertility tracking and pregnancy apps put the field on the map. But FemTech today is far more.  It recognizes the vast need for medicine to engage with women’s unique health needs, long unaddressed.

The Galen Growth data shows that while gynecology and oncology account for more than half of all FemTech ventures, menopause, chronic pain, autoimmune conditions, cardiovascular disease and mental health are surging into the investment and innovation spotlight. These are not “niche” categories—they represent common, often underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed conditions that disproportionately affect women and impair their quality of life.

This expansion reflects a growing recognition that women’s health is not a subset—it’s a central pillar of public health. As de Salaberry writes in a soon-to-appear Health Tech World byline: “To be transformative, FemTech must address the entirety of the women’s health continuum, including those therapeutic areas that are not traditionally branded as female-specific but affect women in distinct ways.”

Twice the Clinical Evidence—But Still Under Scrutiny

Perhaps the report’s most sobering—and telling—data point is that FemTech ventures generate nearly twice the volume of clinical trials, peer-reviewed research, and regulatory filings as their digital health peers. Twice. That’s not due to past scientific rigor; these companies are held to a higher standard. Founders and advocates must go the extra mile to validate the clinical value of their solutions.

Despite this, systemic barriers remain. The report shows 71 percent of early-stage FemTech ventures struggle to raise a Series A round. Funding the “middle”—those post-seed but pre-scaleup companies—is an urgent priority. Without it, too many promising solutions will stall before reaching the women who need them.

Let’s be clear: this isn’t just about meeting investor milestones. It’s about delivering equity in care. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among women, yet it remains underrepresented in FemTech portfolios. Alzheimer’s and autoimmune conditions disproportionately affect women, yet receive comparatively little innovation focus.

Those are not oversight gaps. They are deep, systemic failures – disparities in our health innovation system.

From Direct-to-Consumer to Deep Health Integration

Another significant signal of maturity is the shift away from pure direct-to-consumer (DTC) models. In 2024, 42 percent of FemTech partnerships involved health systems, up from just 10 percent in 2020. That’s a tectonic shift from point solutions to systemic integration.

As de Salaberry puts it, “DTC strategies alone cannot reach underserved populations or secure the reimbursement pathways necessary for scale.” Systemic integration—through payers, providers, and public institutions—is essential for sustainability and access. FemTech must live where care happens, not just on consumers’ cell phones.

Regionally, the picture is just as telling, with Europe leading in clinical rigor, with 50 percent of FemTech ventures demonstrating proven clinical strength. North America leads in funding ($1.3B), while Asia-Pacific remains a hub of AI-driven diagnostics, even amid a dip in capital investment. These trends point to what’s next: a future driven by localization, clinical excellence and technology convergence.

Forces Shaping the Future of FemTech

The report outlines five key factors shaping the FemTech evolution during the next five years. They’re worth noting for anyone investing, innovating or advocating for equitable care with an eye toward return on investment:

• Redefining the Scope: FemTech must look beyond reproductive health to address chronic diseases, aging, and behavioral health.
• Breaking the DTC Mold: Success will be defined by integrated partnerships with employers, insurers, and health systems.
• Balancing Rigor and Agility: Regulatory requirements must support innovation without stifling it.
• Funding the Growth Gap: Series A and B support is critical to help early innovators scale.
• Smart Consolidation: M&A isn’t just about exits—it’s about building category leaders with breadth and credibility.

Infrastructure, Not Hype

The key here is infrastructure. FemTech is not a trend—it’s the scaffolding of women’s health innovation. Investors need to hear that message and invest to make this population health category viable.

With nearly half the global workforce made up of women, the ROI on women’s health is not just moral—it’s macroeconomic. The health ecosystem can no longer afford to treat women’s health as an edge case. It is, in fact, the core of population health.

FemTech’s next chapter will be shaped by evidence, equity and integration. It must also be underpinned by trust from payers, providers, and patients. That trust is earned through data, outcomes and the bold assertion that women’s health is health, full stop. This Galen Growth Report goes a long way to demonstrating the positive outcomes when innovation and investment converge.

As Julien de Salaberry wisely states: “The next generation of Femtech isn’t about visibility—it’s about value, integration, and health systems impact.” That’s not just a forecast—it’s a framework for what’s next.

[Editor’s Note: For a deeper dive into the Galen Growth FemTech 2025 report, visit galengrowth.com. The full report and press release, are available now.]

The post Galen Growth FemTech 2.0 Report: Elevating Women’s Health from Niche to Necessity appeared first on Medika Life.

In his groundbreaking On the Origin of Species, English naturalist Charles Darwin expressed the idea of natural selection. In this 1859 book, he reports the results of his research in the Pacific Islands and South America.

Natural selection is selfish; it favors traits that promote reproductive success. Selection pressure can take out deleterious genetic mutations that occur during early life and through our reproductive years.

Are you a giraffe with an especially long neck, a structure that allows you to feast on leaves others cannot access? With more food, you are more likely to survive to reproduce and pass your propensity to have a long neck on to your offspring. Your friends with shorter necks are less likely to survive to pass on their genes to future generations.

An adaptation is a physical or behavioral characteristic that helps an organism to survive in its environment.

In summary, we pass genetic mutations beneficial to our survival through reproduction. This process results in a new generation of organisms more likely to survive and reproduce.

On the other hand, once fertility stops, natural selection becomes less interested in what happens to our bodies — we become more likely to suffer from harmful mutations. For most animals, death often follows soon after fertility ceases.

The importance of elders

New research challenges the prevailing view that the natural selection force in humans must drop to zero once we complete reproduction. The secret sauce? Modern medicine? Nope. It’s grandparents.

Enter the Grandmother Hypothesis: Through their efforts, maternal grandmothers can increase their fitness by improving their grandchildren’s survival. Their daughters can have more children, and grandma’s genes are passed on to future generations.

Here’s what the researchers’ model yields:

“Elders are valuable, but only up to a point. “And not all grandmothers are worth their weight. By about their mid-seventies, hunter-gatherers and farmers end up soaking up more resources than they provide. Plus, by their mid-seventies, most of their grandkids won’t be dependents anymore, and so the circle of close kin who stand to benefit from their help is small.”

I appreciate my elders more than ever. Let’s celebrate older folks. Thank you for joining me today.

The post Longevity: Are Elders Important? appeared first on Medika Life.

Earlier this year she was named one of the 50 top healthcare influencers by respected journal Medika Life  – in part a recognition of her work addressing inequalities, racism and sexism in maternal health.

The post HT World Correspondent and Medika Editor Gil Bashe Talks with the Medika50 Influencer Who Put Everything On the Line for Patients appeared first on Medika Life.

This Texas abortion ban continues Governor Abbott’s pattern of limiting the rights of individuals in favor of the government control over people’s lives. Previously, Abbott signed SB 8, which banned abortion in Texas after six weeks of gestation. Many women do not know they are pregnant so early in pregnancy.

SB 8, known as the “ heartbeat ban,” removes the rights of pregnant people to control what happens to their bodies even if they were the victims of incest or rape.

The new law passed on July 16 takes the abortion ban on step further. Under HB 1280, any health provider who attempts to perform an abortion could be charged with a second-degree felony. If the abortion is successful, doctors can be charged with a first-degree felony and potentially life in prison. Physicians who perform abortions would face fines of a minimum of $100,000 and lose their license.

While it may seem strange that Texas would pass a state law contingent upon a potential change in Federal law, the timing of HB 1280 coincides with abortion legal challenges happening on a national stage. The US Supreme Court will hear arguments this fall on a Mississippi law banning abortion after fifteen weeks gestation.

Mississippi’s abortion law serves as a test case for many other abortion restrictions passed in various states. The Mississippi law is in direct conflict with the wording in Roe v. Wade which gave women the Constitutional right to terminate a pregnancy before fetal viability, the time at which a baby can survive outside of the uterus.

Due to advancements in neonatology intensive care, preterm babies can survive as early as 23–24 weeks in most hospitals. A Mississippi Supreme Court victory would remove the viability threshold established in 1973, opening the legal doors for other states to limit reproductive rights.

Some believe the Supreme Courts’ shift to the political right increases the odds of Roe vs Wade will be overturned. The former President appointed three pro-life Justices during his term. Justice Gorsuch, Kavanaugh, and Barrett have a strong history of supporting anti-choice legislation. The conservatives are now in the majority, six to three.

The new Texas abortion ban, HB 1280, that turns physicians into criminals, was co-sponsored by Southlake’s Representative Giovanni Capriglione and McKinney’s Senator Angela Paxton.

The law includes no exceptions for pregnancies that result from rape or incest. There are narrow exceptions for pregnant people with life-threatening conditions

An increase in government control over healthcare decisions has many people on edge. Paxton Smith, the valedictorian of Lake Highlands High School’s Class of 2021, drew national attention for her passionate commencement speech. Smith focused on the idea of personal liberty.

Smith questioned the “heartbeat bills” idea that rape victims, through no fault of their own, can no longer make a personal choice regarding their future. Instead, the Texas Government dictates these womens’ future. As Smith said, “a decision that will affect the rest of their lives is made by a stranger.”

Texas women no longer have the right to choose to parent or choose an alternative path. Instead, Governor Abbott has determined the Texas Government should decide what is best for each woman.

Smith summed up the dangers of governmental overreach stating:

“I have dreams, and hopes, and ambitions. Every girl graduating today does. And without our input and without our consent, our control over that future has been stripped away from us.”

The post Governor Makes Abortion in Texas A Crime if Roe v. Wade Is Overturned appeared first on Medika Life.

A hysterectomy is a surgery to remove the uterus. Gynecologists perform hysterectomies for a variety of gynecologic conditions such as uterine fibroids, heavy periods, endometriosis, chronic pelvic pain, uterine prolapse, and gynecologic cancer.

During a hysterectomy, a surgeon removes the uterus. Gynecologists often recommend removing the fallopian tubes (bilateral salpingectomy) to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer. Some women will also need the removal of the ovaries (oophorectomy). Removal of the ovaries triggers hormonal changes. After a hysterectomy, a woman can longer get pregnant.

Gynecologists perform hysterectomies through a variety of techniques. The patient’s uterus size, body type, and prior surgical history help determine the surgical approach. Techniques include:

1. Vaginal hysterectomy
2. Abdominal hysterectomy
3. Laparoscopic hysterectomy
4. Laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy
5. Robotic hysterectomy

What are the advantages of abdominal hysterectomy?

In an abdominal hysterectomy, the uterus is removed through an incision in the lower abdomen. The abdominal incision gives a large clear view of the pelvis and allows us to work through adhesions from prior surgeries or endometriosis most carefully. It can be performed even if the uterus is huge.

However, abdominal hysterectomy is associated with a greater risk of complications than a vaginal hysterectomy or laparoscopic hysterectomy.

Wound infections, bleeding, blood clots, and nerve and tissue damage are more common. Abdominal hysterectomy also requires a more extended hospital stay and a longer recovery time.

Some patients may not be candidates for minimally invasive approaches because of uterine size or prior surgical history. Your doctor will determine which surgical approach is most suitable for you.

Is a hysterectomy safe?

Hysterectomy is a very safe surgical procedure, and complications are rare. However, as with any surgery, problems can occur, such as:

• Fever and infection
• Heavy bleeding during or after surgery
• Injury to the urinary tract or nearby organs
• Blood clots in the leg that can travel to the lungs
• Breathing or heart problems related to anesthesia
• Death

Some problems are discovered immediately, and some may not show until days, weeks, or even years after surgery. These problems include the formation of a blood clot, infection, or bowel blockage. Complications are generally more common after an abdominal hysterectomy and in women with certain underlying medical conditions.

How long will I be in the hospital?

Most women will need to stay 1–2 nights after an abdominal hysterectomy. Various factors, such as the patient’s underlying health status, surgical complexity, and physician preference, help determine the surgical plan.

Can my family visit me?

A trusted family member should drive you to and from the hospital. Families are welcome to stay with you before and after surgery. Hospital visitor policies for overnight stays vary with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

Does my procedure require an anesthetic?

An abdominal hysterectomy requires general anesthesia, meaning patients will temporarily be put to sleep. The surgeon may also inject a local anesthetic into the incisions to decrease postoperative pain.

Why do I need a preoperative clinic visit?

Most surgeries will involve a preoperative visit with your surgeon to review the procedure’s risks and benefits and answer your questions regarding the upcoming surgery. Because hysterectomies will eliminate the possibility of child-bearing, your doctor will confirm that you do not want children in the future.

It is essential to provide your doctor with an updated list of all medications, vitamins, and dietary supplements before surgery. The surgical team will review your medications. Together we can plan when to take the last dose when to resume medications. Medication management is particularly important for patients taking aspirin, blood pressure medicines, and diabetes medicines. Your doctor should review all medication and food allergies. We remind patients to avoid alcohol 24 hours before the surgery.

If any blood work or preoperative testing is required, it will be scheduled and confirmed. If appropriate, share any lab work, radiologic procedures, or other medical tests done by other healthcare providers with your surgeon before your surgery. Some patients may need to supply a surgical clearance letter from their primary care physician.

Finally, the doctor will give instructions regarding your diet before the surgery.

Try to avoid wearing jewelry, make-up, nail polish/acrylic nails on the day of surgery. If you wear contacts, glasses or dentures, please bring a case.

You should also confirm the date, time, and location of the surgery.

What happens after I check-in at the hospital?

After arrival at the hospital, the staff will guide you to the pre-operative holding area to change into a surgical gown and store your belongings. You will meet the nursing team who will provide care during your surgery. They will review your medical history. The surgical consent form is reviewed, signed, or updated with any changes. An IV will be placed at this time. You may be given special stockings to help prevent a blood clot.

The anesthesia team will also interview you and answer questions. Typically your surgeon will review any last-minute questions.

What happens in the operating room?

After the preoperative evaluation, the team will guide you to the operating room. You will move from the mobile bed to the operating table. Monitors will be attached to various parts of your body to measure your pulse, oxygen level, and blood pressure. Then the anesthesiologist will give medication through your IV to help you go to sleep.

The OR nursing team will cover your body with sterile drapes and apply an antibacterial fluid to your abdomen and vagina. After you are asleep, a tube called a catheter will be placed in your bladder to drain urine. The team then performs a “surgical time-out.” A surgical safety check-list is read aloud, requiring all surgical team members to be present and attentive.
The gynecologist begins by making an incision in the lower abdomen. It is typically horizontal, but sometimes a vertical incision is needed if there is a large uterus or large mass.

Once the uterus and ovaries are visualized, we place a metal retractor to maintain a clear view of the pelvis. This step helps us safely operate and avoid injury to surrounding tissue such as the bladder, rectum, intestines, and ureter.

The surgeon works carefully from the outer edges inward. First, we dissect the broad ligament, the thin layer of connective tissue covering the female organs. If the plan is to remove the ovaries, we start with this step. Otherwise, we begin by separating the tubes from the surrounding tissues until the uterus is reached. 

The surgeon then separates the uterus from the surrounding connective tissue by moving downward toward the cervix. At this point, the surgeons detach the bladder from the uterus. After the bladder is safely out of the way, the surgeon will focus on the uterine arteries.

These two blood vessels are the main blood supply to the uterus and travel over the ureters, the tubes which connect the kidney to the bladder. Once the uterine arteries are controlled, the surgeon then safely gradually separates the uterus from the body. Depending on the anatomy, bleeding, or scar tissue, the surgeon may decide not to removal the cervix. 

The uterus and tubes (and sometimes ovaries) are sent to the pathology lab for microscopic analysis. The surgeon examines all of the surgical sites for bleeding.

The surgeon then sews the edges of the vagina closed to form the vaginal cuff. If the cervix has not been removed, it is carefully inspected for bleeding.
Afterward, the abdomen and pelvis are washed in a warm saltwater (saline) solution. Then, the layers of the abdominal wall and skin are carefully closed.
Once the procedure is complete, the surgical team completes a post-procedure review. All instruments and equipment are counted and verified. When finished, the anesthesiologist will begin to wake up the patient and then transfer her to the recovery room.

AFTERCARE AND RECOVERY QUESTIONS

What happens in the recovery room?

Once the operation is over, you will be moved into the recovery area. This area is equipped to monitor patients after surgery.

Many patients feel groggy, confused, and chilly when they wake up after an operation. You may have muscle aches or a sore throat shortly after surgery. These problems should not last long. You can ask for medicine to relieve them. You will remain in the recovery room until you are stable. Afterward, you will be moved to a hospital room for the rest of your stay.

As soon as possible, your nurses will have you move around as much as you can. You may be encouraged to get out of bed and walk around more quickly after your operation. Walking helps reduce the risk of blood clots. You may feel tired and weak at first. The sooner you resume activity, the sooner your body’s functions can get back to normal.

What preparations should I make for aftercare at home?

You should speak with your physician regarding the resumption of exercise and sexual activity. Your doctor will also review wound care instructions. Sexual activity is typically restricted for 6–8 weeks to allow the vagina to heal. Do not insert anything into your vagina — no sex, tampons, or douching — until cleared by your doctor.

Most women can return to basic activities in one to two weeks. Generally, we recommend patients stick to light activity only for the first 4–6 weeks. Light exercise helps your body heal and prevents some postoperative complications. Be sure to get plenty of rest, but you also need to move around as often as you can. Take short walks and gradually increase the distance you walk every day. Avoid strenuous exercise and heavy lifting.

You may resume a regular diet on the day of surgery. It may help prepare some meals and do your grocery store shopping and laundry before surgery.

You will be given instructions to help control postoperative pain during healing. Some pain is expected for the first few weeks after the surgery. You may also have light bleeding and vaginal discharge for a few weeks. Sanitary pads can be used after the surgery. Constipation is common after hysterectomies. Try a stool softener and fiber supplement. Some women have temporary problems with emptying the bladder after a hysterectomy. Some women have an emotional response to hysterectomy. You may feel depressed that you are no longer able to carry a pregnancy, or you may be relieved that your former symptoms are gone.

Your doctor will schedule a postoperative examination 4–6 weeks after the procedure.

After recovery, we recommend continuing your annual routine gynecologic exams. Depending on your age and reason for the hysterectomy, you may still need pelvic exams and pap tests.

Danger Signals to look out for after the procedure

Call your doctor or report to the ER if you experience:

• Pain not controlled with prescribed medication
• Fever > 101
• Severe nausea and vomiting
• Calf or leg pain
• Shortness of breath
• Heavy vaginal bleeding
• Foul-smelling vaginal discharge
• Abdominal pain not controlled by pain medication
• Inability to pass gas or have a bowel movement

What information should I provide to my doctors and nurses?

It is very important to provide your doctor with an updated list of all medications, vitamins, and dietary supplements prior to surgery. All medication and food allergies should be reviewed. Share any lab work, radiologic procedures, or other medical tests done by other healthcare providers with your surgeon prior to your procedure.

Still have questions?

Read through any existing comments in the section below and if you still need information on this procedure please do leave your questions in the comments section.

This article was contributed by MacArthur Medical Center’s Dr. Reshma Patel

The post Preparing for: Abdominal Hysterectomy appeared first on Medika Life.

An endometrial biopsy is a simple office-based procedure where a doctor removes a small amount of tissue from inside the uterine cavity. This tissue is called the endometrium. To find out if any abnormal cells are present, the doctor must sample the endometrial tissue to be tested and evaluated under a microscope.

An endometrial biopsy is used to diagnose or rule out endometrial cancer or precancerous changes in the tissue called endometrial hyperplasia.

Women with postmenopausal bleeding, heavy periods, irregular periods, or abnormal findings on a sonogram may be candidates for this procedure. Most often, an endometrial biopsy is performed as part of the evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding, but it also is used in cases of infertility.

What does this procedure involve?

The gynecologist inserts a thin, flexible tube called a pipelle into the uterine cavity through the cervix’s opening called the cervical os. Using negative pressure, the doctor pulls a small amount of endometrial tissue into the pipelle for sampling. The procedure takes only a few minutes and causes mild cramps.

Where is an endometrial biopsy procedure performed?

Gynecologists perform endometrial biopsy procedures in an office setting.

Can my family visit me?

Endometrial biopsies are performed in a medical office setting. The vast majority of patients will be able to drive themselves to and from the procedure. Some may prefer a trusted family member to bring them. 

Does my procedure require an anesthetic?

Anesthesia is not typically required for an endometrial biopsy procedure. Some physicians spray a topical anesthetic directly onto the cervix. Occasionally, gynecologists provide local anesthesia via a paracervical anesthetic.

A paracervical block is an anesthetic technique done by a gynecologist to numb the uterus. Medication is injected into the cervical tissue to reduce pain during surgery.

Some gynecologists recommend oral medication to reduce anxiety

What’s the procedure when I check in?

Most procedures will involve a preoperative visit with your surgeon. The risks and benefits of the procedure will be discussed in detail and questions regarding your procedure are discussed.

The consent form is reviewed, signed, or updated with any changes.

Because an endometrial biopsy is performed in an office setting, the experience will feel like a normal office visit. After checking in, you will be taken to a procedure room. The medical assistant will prepare the room and provide a gown or leg coverings. When all is prepared, your surgeon will come and review any last-minute questions.

What happens in the procedure room?

Your surgeon will help position your legs into the stirrups. A speculum is placed into the vagina to allow visualization of the cervix, the opening of your uterus located at the back of the vagina.

Once the speculum is in position to allow visualization of the cervix, the procedure will attempt to pass a small pipelle through the cervix into the endometrial cavity. If the cervical os (opening) is too narrow, then the doctor will attach an instrument called a Tenaculum to the top of the cervix to stabilize the uterus. Then, they will use a small tool to dilate the cervix wide enough for the pipelle to enter. 

Once the pipelle is safely inside the uterus a small amount of endometrial tissue is pulled into the tube for sampling. 

These cells are sent to a pathologist for evaluation. 

After the biopsy, the speculum is removed and the procedure is complete. Some patients will experience mild bleeding, spotting or a brown, coffee-ground vaginal discharge over the next few days.

How long will I be in the procedure?

Once the patient enters the procedure room a series of safety steps must occur.

An endometrial biopsy procedure takes approximately 2–5 minutes. This includes the surgical time as well as accounting for positioning, the speculum insertion, a paracervical block anesthetic, and removal of the instruments

When can I go home?

After an office-based endometrial biopsy procedure, patients may go home after getting dressed as long as you are feeling normal.

Post-procedure recovery time will vary from person to person.

Endometrial biopsy procedures require a minimal amount of recovery. Patients may leave as soon as the procedure is complete.

AFTERCARE AND RECOVERY QUESTIONS

What is the usual recovery time

You should be able to resume all work and household activities on the same day as your procedure. You should expect to feel a little vaginal soreness for 2–3 days. Mild uterine cramping is also common.

• Some patients will require mild pain medication like NSAIDs.
• It is wise to wear a sanitary pad for a few days as you may experience vaginal spotting or dark vaginal discharge.
• You will be instructed to abide by pelvic rest for approximately 1–2 days. This includes no douching, no sex, and no tampons.
• You should call your doctor if you experience heavy vaginal bleeding, fevers, or worsening abdominal pain.

What aftercare is required?

Most women should be able to return to normal daily activities the same day. You should speak with your physician regarding the resumption of sexual activity. Typically, the recommendation is to avoid vaginal intercourse for 1–2 days.

You should not use tampons for 1–2 days after the procedure to reduce the potential risk of infection.

Light bleeding, spotting, and brown or black discharge is common and expected. Sanitary napkins are advised.

Your doctor will schedule a postoperative examination to review the pathology report findings. If any abnormalities are found on the biopsy, your doctor will discuss the next steps

Danger Signals to look out for after the procedure

After an endometrial biopsy procedure, we expect light spotting and vaginal discharge.

If you experience heavy bleeding, abdominal or pelvic pain, a fever, or pain that increases over time beyond 24 hours, call your physician. After any surgery contact your physician if you meet any of the following criteria:

• Pain not controlled with prescribed medication
• Fever > 101
• Nausea and vomiting
• Calf or leg pain
• Shortness of breath
• Heavy vaginal bleeding
• Foul-smelling vaginal discharge

What should I pack at home?

Nothing special is required after an endometrial biopsy procedure. A supply of sanitary napkins will help keep your clothing clean.

What information should I provide to my doctors and nurses?

It is very important to provide your doctor with an updated list of all medications, vitamins, and dietary supplements prior to surgery. All medication and food allergies should be reviewed. Share any lab work, radiologic procedures, or other medical tests done by other healthcare providers with your surgeon prior to your procedure.

Still have questions?

Read through any existing comments in the section below and if you still need information on this procedure please do leave your questions in the comments section.

The post Preparing for an Endometrial Biopsy appeared first on Medika Life.

The external genitalia are the accessory structures of the female reproductive system that are external to the vagina. They are also referred to as the vulva or pudendum. The external genitalia include the labia majora, mons pubis, labia minora, clitoris, and glands within the vestibule.

The clitoris is an erectile organ, similar to the male penis, that responds to sexual stimulation. Posterior to the clitoris, the urethra, vagina, paraurethral glands and greater vestibular glands open into the vestibule.

The vulva (pudendum) refers to the external female genitalia. Its functions are threefold:

• Acts as sensory tissue during sexual intercourse
• Assists in micturition by directing the flow of urine
• Protects the internal female reproductive tract from infection.

Structures of the Vulva

The vulva is a collective term for several anatomical structures:

• Mons pubis – a subcutaneous fat pad located anterior to the pubic symphysis. It formed by the fusion of the labia majora.
• Labia majora – two hair-bearing external skin folds.
  • They extend from the mons pubis posteriorly to the posterior commissure (a depression overlying the perineal body).
  • Embryologically derived from labioscrotal swellings
• Labia minora – two hairless folds of skin, which lie within the labia majora.
  • They fuse anteriorly to form the hood of the clitoris and extend posteriorly either side of the vaginal opening.
  • They merge posteriorly, creating a fold of skin known as the fourchette.
  • Embryologically derived from urethral folds
• Vestibule – the area enclosed by the labia minora. It contains the openings of the vagina (external vaginal orifice, vaginal introitus) and urethra.
• Bartholin’s glands – secrete lubricating mucus from small ducts during sexual arousal. They are located either side of the vaginal orifice.
• Clitoris – located under the clitoral hood. It is formed of erectile corpora cavernosa tissue, which becomes engorged with blood during sexual stimulation.
  • Embryologically derived from the genital tubercle

Vascular Supply and Lymphatics

The arterial supply to the vulva is from the paired internal and external pudendal arteries (branches of the internal iliac).

Venous drainage is achieved via the pudendal veins, with smaller labial veins contributing as tributaries.

Lymph drains to the nearby superficial inguinal lymph nodes.

Male External Genitalia

The penis is an external organ of the male reproductive system. It has two main functions:

• Sexual intercourse – During erotic stimulation, the penis undergoes erection, becoming engorged with blood. Following emission, (mixing of the components of semen in the prostatic urethra) ejaculation can occur, whereby semen moves out of the urethra through the external urethral orifice. Finally, the penis undergoes remission, returning to a flaccid state.
• Micturition –The penis also has an important urinary role. It contains the urethra, which carries urine from the bladder to the external urethral orifice, where it is expelled from the body.

Structure of the Penis

The penis can be anatomically divided into three parts:

• Root – the most proximal, fixed part of the penis. It is located in the superficial perineal pouch of the pelvic floor, and is not visible externally. The root contains three erectile tissues (two crura and bulb of the penis), and two muscles (ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus).
• Body – the free part of the penis, located between the root and glans. It is suspended from the pubic symphysis. It is composed of three cylinders of erectile tissue – two corpora cavernosa, and the corpus spongiosum.
• Glans –the most distal part of the of penis. It is conical in shape, and is formed by the distal expansion of the corpus spongiosum. This contains the opening of the urethra, termed the external urethral orifice.

Erectile Tissues

The erectile tissues fill with blood during sexual arousal, producing an erection. The root and body of the penis are spanned by three masses of erectile tissue.

In the root, these tissues are known as the left and right crura, and the bulb of the penis. The bulb is situated in the midline of the penile root, and is traversed by the urethra. The left and right crura are located laterally; attached to the ipsilateral ischial ramus, and covered by the paired ischiocavernosal muscles.

The erectile tissues continue into the body of the penis. The left and right crura continue anteriorly into the dorsal part of the penis – they form the two corpora cavernosa. They are separated by the septum of the penis, although often incompletely. The bulb forms the corpus spongiosum, which lies ventrally. The male urethra runs through the corpus spongiosum – to prevent it becoming occluded during erection the corpus spongiosum fills to a reduced pressure.

Distally, the corpus spongiosum expands to form the glans penis.

Muscles

There are four muscles located in the root of the penis:

• Bulbospongiosus (x2) – associated with the bulb of the penis. It contracts to empty the spongy urethra of any residual semen and urine. The anterior fibres also aid in maintaining erection by increasing the pressure in the bulb of the penis.
• Ischiocavernosus (x2) – surrounds the left and right crura of the penis. It contracts to force blood from the cavernous spaces in the crura into the corpus cavernosa – this helps maintain erection.

Fascial Coverings

Each mass of erectile tissue has two fascial coverings. The most superficial layer, immediately under the skin, is the external fascia of Colles (which is in continuity with the fascia of Scarpa which covers the abdominal wall).

A deeper stratum is the deep fascia of the penis (also known as Buck’s fascia). This is a continuation of the deep perineal fascia, and forms a strong membranous covering which holds all three erectile tissues together.

Underneath the deep fascia is the strong fascia called tunica albuginea, forming an individual capsule around each cavernous body and fused in the midline. The incomplete septum between the two corpora is comprised of tunica albuginea.

Ligaments

The root of the penis is supported by two ligaments, which attach it to the surrounding structures:

• Suspensory ligament – a condensation of deep fascia. It connects the erectile bodies of the penis to the pubic symphysis.
• Fundiform ligament – a condensation of abdominal subcutaneous tissue. It runs down from the linea alba, surrounding the penis like a sling, and attaching to the pubic symphysis.

Skin

The skin of the penis is more heavily pigmented than that of the rest of the body. It is connected to the underlying fascias by loose connective tissue.

The prepuce (foreskin) is a double layer of skin and fascia, located at the neck of the glans. It covers the glans to a variable extent. The prepuce is connected to the surface of the glans by the frenulum, a median fold of skin on the ventral surface of the penis. The potential space between the glans and prepuce is termed the preputial sac.

Neurovascular Supply

The penis receives arterial supply from three sources:

• Dorsal arteries of the penis
• Deep arteries of the penis
• Bulbourethral artery

These arteries are all branches of the internal pudendal artery. This vessel arises from the anterior division of the internal iliac artery.

Venous blood is drained from the penis by paired veins. The cavernous spaces are drained by the deep dorsal vein of the penis – this empties into the prostatic venous plexus. The superficial dorsal veins drain the superficial structures of the penis, such as the skin and cutaneous tissues.

The post The External Genitilia appeared first on Medika Life.

What is a vaginal yeast infection?

A yeast infection is a fungal infection causing itching and burning of the vulva, the area around the vagina. Vaginal yeast infections are caused by an overgrowth of the fungus Candida. 

The vagina is an ecosystem maintained by a variety of yeast and bacteria living perfect harmony. Periodically, something happens which disrupts the status quo allowing yeast to flourish. When yeast outgrows the counterbalancing bacteria women will notice a yeast infection. 

Antibiotic use is a perfect example. When we take antibiotics to kill a bacterial infection, the medication also destroys the protective vaginal bacteria balancing yeast. As a result, almost 50% of women end up with a yeast infection.

Who gets vaginal yeast infections?

Women of all ages can get vaginal yeast infections. Three out of four women will have a yeast infection at some point in their life. Almost half of women have two or more infections.

Vaginal yeast infections are rare before puberty and less likely after menopause.

Are some women more at risk for yeast infections?

Yes. Your risk for yeast infections is higher if:

• You are pregnant
• You have diabetes and your blood sugar is not under control
• You use a type of hormonal birth control that has higher doses of estrogen
• You douche or use vaginal sprays
• You recently took antibiotics such as amoxicillin or steroid medicines
• You have a weakened immune system, such as from HIV

What are the symptoms of vaginal yeast infections?

The most common symptom of a vaginal yeast infection is extreme itchiness in and around the vulva and vagina.

Other signs and symptoms include:

• Burning, redness, and swelling of the vagina and the vulva
• Pain when urinating
• Pain during sex
• Soreness
• A thick, white vaginal discharge that looks like cottage cheese and does not have a bad smell

You may have only a few of these symptoms. They may be mild or severe.

What causes yeast infections?

Yeast infections are caused by an overgrowth of the microscopic fungus Candida. Candida albicans is the most common culprit, but other types of candida can cause infections as well.

Your vagina may have small amounts of yeast at any given time without causing any symptoms. But when too much yeast grows, you can get an infection.

Can I get a yeast infection from having sex?

Yes and no. A yeast infection is not considered an STI. Sexual intercourse alters the vaginal chemistry by changing the pH balance. The vagina regulates its ecosystem by maintaining a normal pH level. Sex temporarily changes the chemistry and in some cases allows abnormal amounts of yeast or bacteria to flourish. The good news is vaginas are very effective and reestablishing normal pH to keep itself healthy.

Only in rare cases can you can get a yeast infection from your sexual partner. Condoms and dental dams may help prevent getting or passing yeast infections through vaginal, oral, or anal sex.

Should I call my doctor or nurse if I think I have a yeast infection?

It is acceptable to self-medicate with an over-the-counter antifungal medication if you feel certain you have a yeast infection. If the infection is recurrent or not going away, then it is time to call a doctor. Seeing your doctor or nurse is the only way to know for sure if you have a yeast infection and not a more serious type of infection.

The signs and symptoms of a yeast infection are a lot like symptoms of other more serious infections, such as STIs and bacterial vaginosis (BV). If left untreated, STIs and BV raise your risk of getting other STIs, including HIV, and can lead to problems getting pregnant. BV can also lead to problems during pregnancy, such as premature delivery.

How is a yeast infection diagnosed?

Your doctor will do a pelvic exam to look for swelling and discharge. Your doctor may also use a cotton swab to take a sample of the discharge from your vagina. A lab technician will look at the sample under a microscope to see whether there is an overgrowth of the fungus Candida that causes a yeast infection.

How is a yeast infection treated?

Yeast infections are usually treated with antifungal medicine.

You can then buy antifungal medicine for yeast infections at a store, without a prescription. Antifungal medicines come in the form of creams, tablets, ointments, or suppositories that you insert into your vagina. You can apply treatment in one dose or daily for up to seven days, depending on the brand you choose.

Your doctor or nurse can also give you a single dose of antifungal medicine taken by mouth, such as fluconazole. For those with recurrent vaginal yeast infections may qualify for more robust testing.

Is it safe to use over-the-counter medicines for yeast infections?

Yes, but always talk with your doctor or nurse before treating yourself for a vaginal yeast infection. This is because:

• You may be trying to treat an infection that is not a yeast infection. Studies show that two out of three women who buy yeast infection medicine don’t really have a yeast infection. Instead, they may have an STI or bacterial vaginosis (BV). STIs and BV require different treatments than yeast infections and, if left untreated, can cause serious health problems.
• Using treatment when you do not actually have a yeast infection can cause your body to become resistant to the yeast infection medicine. This can make actual yeast infections harder to treat in the future.
• Some yeast infection medicine may weaken condoms and diaphragms, increasing your chance of getting pregnant or an STI when you have sex. Talk to your doctor or nurse about what is best for you, and always read and follow the directions on the medicine carefully.

How do I treat a yeast infection if I’m pregnant?

During pregnancy, it’s safe to treat a yeast infection with vaginal creams or suppositories that contain Miconazole or Clotrimazole.

Do not take the oral fluconazole tablet to treat a yeast infection during pregnancy. It may cause birth defects.

Can I get a yeast infection from breastfeeding?

Yes. Yeast infections can happen on your nipples or in your breast (commonly called “thrush”) from breastfeeding. Yeast thrive on milk and moisture. A yeast infection you get while breastfeeding is different from a vaginal yeast infection. However, it is caused by an overgrowth of the same fungus.

Symptoms of thrush during breastfeeding include:

• Sore nipples that last more than a few days, especially after several weeks of pain-free breastfeeding
• Flaky, shiny, itchy, or cracked nipples
• Deep pink and blistered nipples
• Achy breast
• Shooting pain in the breast during or after feedings

If you have any of these signs or symptoms or think your baby might have thrush in his or her mouth, call your doctor.

If I have a yeast infection, does my sexual partner need to be treated?

Yeast infections are not STIs. In rare cases, it is possible to pass yeast infections to your partner during vaginal, oral, or anal sex.

How can I prevent a yeast infection?

You can take steps to lower your risk of getting yeast infections:

• Do not douche. Douching removes some of the normal bacteria in the vagina that protects you from infection.
• Do not use scented feminine products, including bubble bath, sprays, pads, and tampons.
• Change tampons, pads, and panty liners often.
• Do not wear tight underwear, pantyhose, pants, or jeans. These can increase body heat and moisture in your genital area.
• Wear underwear with a cotton crotch. Cotton underwear helps keep you dry and doesn’t hold in warmth and moisture.
• Change out of wet swimsuits and workout clothes as soon as you can.
• Always wipe from front to back when using the bathroom.
• Avoid hot tubs and very hot baths.
• If you have diabetes, be sure your blood sugar is under control.

Does yogurt prevent or treat yeast infections?

Maybe. Studies suggest that eating eight ounces of yogurt with “live cultures” daily or taking lactobacillus acidophilus capsules may help prevent infection in some cases.

But, more research still needs to be done to say for sure if yogurt with Lactobacillus or other probiotics can prevent or treat vaginal yeast infections.

What should I do if I get repeat yeast infections?

If you get four or more yeast infections in a year, talk to your doctor or nurse.

About 5% of women get four or more vaginal yeast infections in one year. This is called recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC). RVVC is more common in women with diabetes or weak immune systems, such as with HIV, but it can also happen in otherwise healthy women.

Doctors most often treat RVVC with antifungal medicine for up to six months.

The post Vaginal Yeast Infections appeared first on Medika Life.

What is douching?

The word “douche” means to wash or soak. Douching is washing or cleaning out the inside of the vagina with water or other mixtures of fluids. Most douches are sold in stores as prepackaged mixes of water and vinegar, baking soda, or iodine. The mixtures usually come in a bottle or bag. You squirt the douche upward through a tube or nozzle into your vagina. The water mixture then comes back out through your vagina.

Douching is different from washing the outside of your vagina during a bath or shower. Rinsing the outside of your vagina with warm water will not harm your vagina. But, douching can lead to many different health problems.

Most doctors recommend that women do not douche.

How common is douching?

In the United States, almost one in five women 15 to 44 years old douche.

More African-American and Hispanic women douche than white women. Douching is also common in teens of all races and ethnicities.

Studies have not found any health benefit to douching. But, studies have found that douching is linked to many health problems.

Why should women not douche?

Most doctors recommend that women do not douche. Douching can change the necessary balance of vaginal flora (bacteria that live in the vagina) and natural acidity in a healthy vagina.

A healthy vagina has good and harmful bacteria. The balance of bacteria helps maintain an acidic environment. The acidic environment protects the vagina from infections or irritation.

Douching can cause an overgrowth of harmful bacteria. This can lead to a yeast infection or bacterial vaginosis. If you already have a vaginal infection, douching can push the bacteria causing the infection up into the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. This can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, a serious health problem.

Douching is also linked to other health problems.

What health problems are linked to douching?

Health problems linked to douching include:⁵

• Bacterial vaginosis (BV), which is an infection in the vagina. Women who douche often (once a week) are five times more likely to develop BV than women who do not douche.
• Pelvic inflammatory disease, an infection in the reproductive organs that is often caused by an STI
• Problems during pregnancy, including preterm birth and ectopic pregnancy
• STIs, including HIV
• Vaginal irritation or dryness

Researchers are studying whether douching causes these problems or whether women at higher risk for these health problems are more likely to douche.

Should I douche to get rid of vaginal odor or other problems?

No. You should not douche to try to get rid of vaginal odor or other vaginal problems like discharge, pain, itching, or burning.

Douching will only cover up odor for a short time and will make other problems worse. Call your doctor or nurse if you have:

• Vaginal discharge that smells bad
• Vaginal itching and thick, white, or yellowish-green discharge with or without an odor
• Burning, redness, and swelling in or around the vagina
• Pain when urinating
• Pain or discomfort during sex

These may be signs of a vaginal infection, or an STI. Do not douche before seeing your doctor or nurse. This can make it hard for the doctor or nurse to find out what may be wrong.

Should I douche to clean inside my vagina?

No. Doctors recommend that women do not douche. You do not need to douche to clean your vagina. Your body naturally flushes out and cleans your vagina. Any strong odor or irritation usually means something is wrong.

Douching also can raise your chances of a vaginal infection or an STI. If you have questions or concerns, talk to your doctor.

What is the best way to clean my vagina?

It is best to let your vagina clean itself. The vagina cleans itself naturally by making mucous. The mucous washes away blood, semen, and vaginal discharge.

If you are worried about vaginal odor, talk to your doctor or nurse. But you should know that even healthy, clean vaginas have a mild odor that changes throughout the day. Physical activity also can give your vagina a stronger, muskier scent, but this is still normal.

Keep your vagina clean and healthy by:

• Washing the outside of your vagina with warm water when you bathe. Some women also use mild soaps. But, if you have sensitive skin or any current vaginal infections, even mild soaps can cause dryness and irritation.
• Avoiding scented tampons, pads, powders, and sprays. These products may increase your chances of getting a vaginal infection.

Can douching before or after sex prevent STIs?

No. Douching before or after sex does not prevent STIs. In fact, douching removes some of the normal bacteria in the vagina that protect you from infection. This can actually increase your risk of getting STIs, including HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. 

Should I douche if I had sex without using protection or if the condom broke?

No. Douching removes some of the normal bacteria in the vagina that protect you from infection. This can increase your risk of getting STIs, including HIV. Douching also does not protect against pregnancy.

If you had sex without using protection or if the condom broke during sex, see a doctor right away. You can get medicine to help prevent HIV and unwanted pregnancy.

Should I douche if I was sexually assaulted?

No, you should not douche, bathe, or shower. As hard as it may be to not wash up, you may wash away important evidence if you do. Douching may also increase your risk of getting STIs, including HIV. Go to the nearest hospital emergency room as soon as possible. The National Sexual Assault Hotline at 800-656-HOPE (4673) can help you find a hospital able to collect evidence of sexual assault. Your doctor or nurse can help you get medicine to help prevent HIV and unwanted pregnancy.

Can douching after sex prevent pregnancy?

No. Douching does not prevent pregnancy. It should never be used for birth control. If you had sex without using birth control or if your birth control method did not work correctly (failed), you can use emergency contraception to keep from getting pregnant.

If you need birth control, talk to your doctor or nurse about which type of birth control method is best for you.

How does douching affect pregnancy?

Douching can make it harder to get pregnant and can cause problems during pregnancy:

• Trouble getting pregnant. Women who douched at least once a month had a harder time getting pregnant than those women who did not douche.
• Higher risk of ectopic pregnancy. Douching may increase a woman’s chance of damaged fallopian tubes and ectopic pregnancy. Ectopic pregnancy is when the fertilized egg attaches to the inside of the fallopian tube instead of the uterus. If left untreated, ectopic pregnancy can be life-threatening. It can also make it hard for a woman to get pregnant in the future.
• Higher risk of early childbirth. Douching raises your risk for premature birth. One study found that women who douched during pregnancy were more likely to deliver their babies early. This raises the risk for health problems for you and your baby.

The post The Truth about Douching appeared first on Medika Life.

What is bacterial vaginosis (BV)?

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition caused by changes in the amount of certain types of bacteria in your vagina. BV can develop when your vagina has more harmful bacteria than good bacteria.

Who gets BV?

BV is the most common vaginal condition in women ages 15 to 44.¹ But women of any age can get it, even if they have never had sex.

You may be more at risk for BV if you:

• Have a new sex partner
• Have multiple sex partners
• Douche
• Do not use condoms or dental dams
• Are pregnant. BV is common during pregnancy. About 1 in 4 pregnant women get BV. The risk for BV is higher for pregnant women because of the hormonal changes that happen during pregnancy.
• Are African-American. BV is twice as common in African-American women as in white women.
• Have an intrauterine device (IUD), especially if you also have irregular bleeding

How do you get BV?

Researchers are still studying how women get BV. You can get BV without having sex, but BV is more common in women who are sexually active. Having a new sex partner or multiple sex partners, as well as douching, can upset the balance of good and harmful bacteria in your vagina. This raises your risk of getting BV.¹

What are the symptoms of BV?

Many women have no symptoms. If you do have symptoms, they may include:

• Unusual vaginal discharge. The discharge can be white (milky) or gray. It may also be foamy or watery. Some women report a strong fish-like odor, especially after sex.
• Burning when urinating
• Itching around the outside of the vagina
• Vaginal irritation

These symptoms may be similar to vaginal yeast infections and other health problems. Only your doctor or nurse can tell you for sure whether you have BV.

What is the difference between BV and a vaginal yeast infection?

BV and vaginal yeast infections are both common causes of vaginal discharge. They have similar symptoms, so it can be hard to know if you have BV or a yeast infection. Only your doctor or nurse can tell you for sure if you have BV.

With BV, your discharge may be white or gray but may also have a fishy smell. Discharge from a yeast infection may also be white or gray but may look like cottage cheese.

How is BV diagnosed?

There are tests to find out if you have BV. Your doctor or nurse takes a sample of vaginal discharge. Your doctor or nurse may then look at the sample under a microscope, use an in-office test, or send it to a lab to check for harmful bacteria. Your doctor or nurse may also see signs of BV during an exam.

Before you see a doctor or nurse for a test:

• Don’t douche or use vaginal deodorant sprays. They might cover odors that can help your doctor diagnose BV. They can also irritate your vagina.
• Make an appointment for a day when you do not have your period.

How is BV treated?

BV is treated with antibiotics prescribed by your doctor.

If you get BV, your male sex partner won’t need to be treated. But, if you are female and have a female sex partner, she might also have BV. If your current partner is female, she needs to see her doctor. She may also need treatment.

It is also possible to get BV again. Learn how to lower your risk for BV.

BV and vaginal yeast infections are treated differently. BV is treated with antibiotics prescribed by your doctor. Yeast infections can be treated with over-the-counter medicines. But you cannot treat BV with over-the-counter yeast infection medicine.

What can happen if BV is not treated?

If BV is untreated, possible problems may include:

• Higher risk of getting STIs, including HIV. Having BV can raise your risk of getting HIV, genital herpes, chlamydia, pelvic inflammatory disease, and gonorrhea. Women with HIV who get BV are also more likely to pass HIV to a male sexual partner.
• Pregnancy problems. BV can lead to premature birth or a low-birth-weight baby (smaller than 5 1/2 pounds at birth). All pregnant women with symptoms of BV should be tested and treated if they have it.

What should I do if I have BV?

BV is easy to treat. If you think you have BV:

• See a doctor or nurse. Antibiotics will treat BV.
• Take all of your medicine. Even if symptoms go away, you need to finish all of the antibiotic.
• Tell your sex partner(s) if she is female so she can be treated.
• Avoid sexual contact until you finish your treatment.
• See your doctor or nurse again if you have symptoms that don’t go away within a few days after finishing the antibiotic.

Is it safe to treat pregnant women who have BV?

Yes. The medicine used to treat BV is safe for pregnant women. All pregnant women with symptoms of BV should be tested and treated if they have it.

If you do have BV, you can be treated safely at any stage of your pregnancy. You will get the same antibiotic given to women who are not pregnant.

How can I lower my risk of BV?

Researchers do not know exactly how BV spreads. Steps that might lower your risk of BV include:

• Keeping your vaginal bacteria balanced. Use warm water only to clean the outside of your vagina. You do not need to use soap. Even mild soap can cause irritate your vagina. Always wipe front to back from your vagina to your anus. Keep the area cool by wearing cotton or cotton-lined underpants.
• Not douching. Douching upsets the balance of good and harmful bacteria in your vagina. This may raise your risk of BV. It may also make it easier to get BV again after treatment. Doctors do not recommend douching.
• Not having sex. Researchers are still studying how women get BV. You can get BV without having sex, but BV is more common in women who have sex.
• Limiting your number of sex partners. Researchers think that your risk of getting BV goes up with the number of partners you have.

How can I protect myself if I am a female and my female partner has BV?

If your partner has BV, you might be able to lower your risk by using protection during sex.

• Use a dental dam every time you have sex. A dental dam is a thin piece of latex that is placed over the vagina before oral sex.
• Cover sex toys with condoms before use. Remove the condom and replace it with a new one before sharing the toy with your partner.

The post Bacterial Vaginosis appeared first on Medika Life.