We ran a simple and easy test to see if she carried the genetic mutations associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Her test results indicated she was a carrier. Now she faced some difficult decisions. Should she undergo a prophylactic mastectomy or take a chance and have one more child. 

Many women know breast cancer runs in their family. They live in fear, wondering if they will also develop cancer. Some have heard about testing for the breast cancer genes, but are unsure how to pursue this option. 

Men and women with a family history of cancer may qualify for genetic testing to help make life-saving decisions. 

What are the breast cancer genes?

Genetic mutations in BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 are linked to an increased risk of breast cancer. Although the names sound similar, these two genes are not related at all. BRCA1, first identified in 1990, is on chromosome 17. BRCA2, identified in 1994, is located on chromosome 13.

Other gene mutations are linked to various cancers, but BRCA mutations are the most common and most well-known. 

Mutations in these two genes not only increase the risk of breast cancer but other cancers as well. BRACA 1 and 2 mutations increase the risk of ovarian and pancreatic cancer. 

A BRCA1 mutation can increase the risk of cervical, uterine, and colon cancer, while mutations on BRCA2 can increase stomach, gallbladder, bile duct cancer, and melanoma.

Mutations in the BRCA 1 and 2 genes change the function of the cells containing them. These genes are known as tumor suppressors. When functioning normally, their job is to create proteins to suppress cancer and help maintain cell growth.

When deleterious mutations are present, cells have the potential for unchecked growth leading to an increased risk of cancer.

Do I have the BRCA 1 and 2 genes?

Everyone has two copies of these genes. All of our cells contain genes holding our body’s genetic code. We all have BRCA 1 and 2 genes. The increased risk of cancer comes when we have a mutation in the gene. 

Gene mutations alter the genetic code inside of cells. Certain mutations change the function of cells. 

We inherit our genes from our parents. One copy comes from our mother and the other from our father. When we inherit one gene mutation from a parent, every cell in the body will possess one mutated copy of the gene and one normal copy.

People with no abnormal BRCA mutations have the lowest risk. One copy of a mutated gene increases cancer risk, but the other gene promotes tumor suppression. 

When two mutated copies are present, the lifetime risk of cancer increases to a dangerous degree. 

Because harmful mutations may be inherited from either our mother or the father, our complete family history is the best indicator of a potential mutation. Physicians will evaluate the maternal and paternal family cancer history to determine the risk level and the need for testing.

Doctors evaluate for specific risk factors:

• Breast cancer diagnosed before age 50 years
• Cancer in both breasts in the same woman
• Both breast and ovarian cancers in either the same woman or the same family
• Multiple breast cancers in the family
• Two or more primary types of BRCA1– or BRCA2-related cancers in one family member
• Cases of male breast cancer
• Ashkenazi Jewish ethnicity

Certain ethnic groups are also at a higher risk of having these mutations, including those with Ashkenazi Jewish backgrounds. Ashkenazi Jewish people have as high as a 1 in 40 chance of possessing a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation.

How much does my cancer risk increase if I have a mutation?

Recent breast cancer statistics suggest that 1 in 8 women will develop be breast cancer in their lifetime. Approximately 60 percent of women who have inherited these harmful gene mutations will develop breast cancer. By age 70, the risk of breast cancer for mutation carriers is:

• 55–65 percent for BRCA1 carriers
• 45–55 percent for BRCA2 carriers

IIt’s essential to remember the following:

• Not all breast cancer is due to these genetic mutations. 
• Scientists’ best estimates suggest that only 5 to 10 percent of breast cancers are due to the mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2.
• Not every woman with a harmful mutation gets cancer. 
• Not all women with the mutation will develop breast cancer, but more than half of them will, and many at an earlier age than the average diagnosis.

Testing For BRCA1 and 2 mutations

Genetic testing for these mutations is available for those who qualify. Thanks to the Affordable Care Act, insurance coverage is guaranteed if an individual meets testing criteria. But only about 2 percent of the general population will meet the strict testing guidelines.

Blood or saliva is collected for genetic testing in a doctor’s office to be sent to a testing company. It can take several weeks to receive the results. 

Genetic counseling both before and after the test is highly recommended. Learning about the presence of a cancer mutation can be emotionally and psychologically challenging. It is crucial to speak with an expert who can guide patients through the implications and possible options..

What are my options if I am a BRCA mutation carrier?

Women who do test positive have options. It is important to speak with a specialist well-versed in genetic counseling. The management is highly dependent on the patient’s age and family planning status. 

Patients will start an individualized cancer prevention plan. This often includes a twice-yearly clinical breast exam combined with Breast MRI and mammograms alternating every six months. Monthly breast self-examination may be encouraged.

Some may qualify for annual CA-125 blood tests combined with transvaginal ultrasound for ovarian cancer prevention. Young patients may be started on oral contraceptives to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer. 

BRCA 2 carriers will be referred for annual skin evaluation to monitor for melanoma. 

Some women may choose to freeze their eggs to preserve their fertility later in life. Egg preservation is an available option for carriers not ready to have a baby now, but who want to keep their options open.

Some women may choose risk-reduction surgery. The breasts and surrounding tissue can be removed to reduce the risk of breast cancer. This procedure is called a prophylactic bilateral mastectomy. Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy reduces breast cancer risk by 95 percent in women with a BRCA 1 mutation and 90% in a BRCA2 mutation carrier.

Ovarian cancer risk-reduction surgery is called a prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The fallopian tubes and ovaries are surgically removed. Ovarian cancer risk decreases by 90%, and breast cancer risk reduces by 50% after removing the fallopian tubes and ovaries.

Removing the ovaries causes surgical menopause. Hot flashes and night sweats are two of the most common and frustrating menopausal symptoms.

Why is genetic testing important?

People with a strong family history of cancer often worry about getting cancer. Parents worry they may have passed on harmful genes to their children. 

Getting tested is simple and easy for those who meet testing criteria. When we find a negative test, indicating the mutation is not present, a weight of worry comes off the patient’s shoulders. 

When we find a positive test indicating a harmful mutation is present, we can individualize a cancer prevention plan to encourage early detection and prevention. Genetic testing can be a key step to a long and healthy life.

The post Here’s What You Need to Know About BRCA 1 and 2: The Breast Cancer Genes appeared first on Medika Life.

Adenosis: A benign condition of glandular tissue in the breast that may result in small round lumps, lumpiness, or lumps that are too small to be felt. If there is scar-like fibrous tissue, the condition is called sclerosing adenosis.

Atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH): A condition in which there are more cells than normal in the breast ducts and the cells look abnormal under a microscope. Women with ADH have an increased risk of breast cancer.

• If ADH is found after a core needle biopsy, then a surgical biopsy is often recommended as the next step.
• If ADH is found and diagnosed after a surgical biopsy that takes out the entire area of ADH, follow-up care includes more frequent mammograms. Sometimes, your doctor may advise more frequent clinical breast exams and breast self-exams.
• Drugs such as tamoxifen (for all women) or raloxifene or an aromatase inhibitor (for postmenopausal women) may also be prescribed.

Atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH): A condition in which there are more cells than normal in the breast lobules and the cells may look abnormal. Women with ALH have an increased risk of breast cancer.

• If ALH is found after a core needle biopsy, as is often the case, your doctor will talk with you about whether a surgical biopsy or more frequent mammograms are recommended.
• If ALH is found during a surgical biopsy that takes out the entire area of ALH, follow-up care generally includes only more frequent mammograms.
• Drugs such as tamoxifen (for all women) or raloxifene or an aromatase inhibitor (for postmenopausal women) may also be prescribed.

Cysts: Fluid-filled lumps that are often found in both breasts. They may be painful just before your menstrual period begins. Some cysts may be felt, while others are too small to be felt. Cysts are most common in premenopausal women and in women taking menopausal hormone therapy. Cysts are diagnosed with ultrasound and/or fine needle aspiration and usually don’t require additional treatment.

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): A condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lining of a breast duct. DCIS may also be referred to as intraductal carcinoma. In some cases, DCIS will become invasive breast cancer. Treatment is based on how much and what part of the breast is affected and how abnormal the cells look (grade). Most women with DCIS are cured with proper treatment. Treatment may include:

• Lumpectomy. This is a type of breast-conserving surgery (also called breast-sparing surgery). This may be followed by radiation therapy.
• Mastectomy. This is surgery to remove the breast or as much of the breast tissue as possible.
• Tamoxifen. This drug may also be taken to lower the chance that DCIS will come back after treatment or to prevent invasive breast cancer.

Duct ectasia (also called mammary duct ectasia): A breast condition in which the ducts in the breast thicken and become blocked with fluid, causing nipple discharge, tender or red nipples, and inverted nipples. If the blocked duct becomes infected, you may feel a lump under the nipple. Most often this condition goes away on its own and doesn’t need treatment. Your health care provider may suggest you take pain medicine; apply a warm, wet cloth to your breast; use breast pads for nipple discharge; and/or take antibiotics. 

Fat necrosis: A breast condition that may cause round, firm, usually painless lumps. It may appear after an injury to the breast, surgery, or radiation therapy. Skin around the lump may look red, bruised, or dimpled. A biopsy may be used to both diagnose and remove fat necrosis.

Fibroadenoma: A benign tumor that feels like a hard, round lump in the breast. These lumps move easily and usually don’t hurt. Fibroadenomas are the most common benign breast tumor in women under 30 years old. Complex fibroadenomas may slightly increase your risk of breast cancer. These lumps may go away, or your doctor may advise that they be removed.

Fibrocystic breast changes (also called fibrosis or fibrocystic breast disease): A common breast condition that causes painful, lumpy breasts. Symptoms often start before or during your menstrual period. Other changes may include sensitive nipples and itching. Fibrosis is most common among women under the age of 45 and among women taking hormone replacement therapy. As many as half of all women may have fibrocystic breast changes at some point in their lives. Although these changes are not usually treated, your health care provider may recommend that you take pain medicine, apply heat or ice compresses, and/or wear a tighter fitting bra.

Granular cell tumors: These rare tumors are almost always benign. Symptoms may include a firm lump in the breast. Surgery may be needed to remove these tumors.

Intraductal papilloma: A wart-like growth that is usually close to the nipple. It may cause pain, a lump, and clear, sticky, or bloody discharge. Single papillomas don’t increase a woman’s risk of breast cancer. However, women with multiple papillomas have an increased risk of breast cancer. A biopsy is often used to both diagnose and remove these growths.

Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS): A condition in which abnormal cells are found in the breast lobules. There are more abnormal cells in the lobules with LCIS than with ALH. Women with LCIS have an increased risk of developing cancer in either breast.

• If LCIS is found after a core needle biopsy, an excisional biopsy will be done.
• If LCIS is diagnosed and removed during an excisional biopsy, follow-up includes more frequent mammograms. Your doctor may also advise more frequent clinical breast exams and breast self-exams.
• Drugs such as tamoxifen (for all women) or raloxifene or an aromatase inhibitor (for postmenopausal women) may also be prescribed by your doctor.

Mastitis: A breast condition in which the breast looks red and feels lumpy, warm, and tender. It is most common among women who are breastfeeding and is caused when a milk duct becomes blocked and infected. Mastitis is commonly treated with antibiotics and can be prevented with a change in breastfeeding techniques that your doctor, nurse, or a breastfeeding consultant can help with.

Phyllodes tumor (also called CSP and cystosarcoma phyllodes): A rare type of breast tumor that is usually benign but may be cancer. In rare cases, it may spread to other parts of the body. These tumors are usually removed surgically.

Sclerosing Adenosis: A type of adenosis in which scar-like fibrous tissue is found in the glands of the breast. It may cause pain and slightly increase a woman’s risk of breast cancer. Although treatment is not usually needed, your doctor may advise taking pain medicine, making dietary changes, or wearing a bra with extra support.

The post Understanding Breast Conditions and Treatments appeared first on Medika Life.