Inserting Genes into CAR T Cells

Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cell (CAR T) therapy genetically alters a patient’s T cells to recognize cancer cells and subsequently kill them. This engineered recognition relies on hybrid T cell receptors with antibody components to detect antigens, or biological tags, found on the surface of cancer cells (see Figure 1).

Researchers typically incorporate hybrid receptor genes into a CAR T cell via viral gene insertion. Despite its regard as a staple in cell therapy, retroviral gene transfer comes with several drawbacks. Viral vector manufacturing is expensive and time-consuming. The method lacks precision and could potentially allow an unwanted gene entry. Perhaps most limiting, it cannot be personalized to detect uncommon antigens. For this reason, all approved CAR T therapies in circulation target blood cancers that share a common antigen (usually CD19 or BCMA) rather than solid tumors, which greatly vary in antigen presentation. Standardizing a new means to insert genes would improve the accessibility, efficiency and usage of CAR T therapy.

Innovating with CRISPR Gene Editing 

In their Phase I clinical trial, the researchers at PACT Pharma and the University of California, Los Angeles explore the possibility of a different type of CAR T therapy—one that creates a hybrid receptor with CRISPR gene editing. With CRISPR, the team selectively removed native T cell receptor genes and replaced them with new, cancer-fighting alternatives.

The researchers began by searching and isolating a novel T cell receptor from the patient’s own immune system. First, they screened the patients by sequencing DNA from healthy blood samples and tumor biopsies; this step identified mutations which the tumor cells share but cannot be found in normal tissue. Algorithms then predicted which antigens would be present on the tumor.

Next, the team copied the antigens and mixed them with different versions of HLA, a type of molecule needed to present antigens to T cells. This process revealed specific T cells which could react to this particular combination of antigen-HLA. Researchers copied up to three of the highly personalized receptor genes to be integrated into the T cells using CRISPR/Cas9.

Figure 2 illustrates the subsequent process. The CRISPR/Cas9 interface knocked out two T cell receptor genes, TRCα and TRCβ (see Figure 3), and replaced them with three new receptor genes in a single step—decidedly more efficient than sourcing and cultivating retroviruses for gene transfer, as is currently standard in CAR T therapy.

The researchers multiplied the T cells to great numbers. Finally, the patients underwent lymphodepletion chemotherapy before receiving up to three doses of their personalized CRISPR/CAR T cell infusion.

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